By Peranan sektor industri manufaktur dalam produk domestik bruto terus menurun, dari titik tertinggi 29 persen tahun 2001 menjadi hanya 23,7 persen tahun 2013. Transaksi perdagangan produk manufaktur sudah mengalami defisit sejak 2008 dan terus memburuk dengan cepat hingga 2014.
Hanya dalam waktu empat tahun, defisit perdagangan manufaktur naik lebih dari dua kali lipat, dari 24,4 miliar dollar AS tahun 2008 menjadi 51,4 miliar dollar AS pada 2012.
Dibandingkan dengan sektor penghasil barang lainnya, industri manufaktur paling sensitif terhadap ketersediaan berbagai jenis infrastruktur fisik, terutama listrik, jalan, dan pelabuhan.
Negara-negara yang industrinya lebih maju dibandingkan Indonesia pada umumnya ditopang ketersediaan listrik yang jauh lebih baik.
Pada tahun 2011, konsumsi listrik per kapita di Malaysia dan Thailand masing-masing 4.246 kWh dan 2.316 kWh, sedangkan Indonesia hanya 680 kWh. Indonesia juga jauh tertinggal dibandingkan dengan China (3.298 kWh), bahkan dengan Vietnam sekalipun (1.073 kWh). Dengan India juga kalah (684 kWh). Di ASEAN, Indonesia hanya unggul dari Laos, Myanmar, Kamboja, dan Filipina.
Pemadaman bergilir
Belakangan ini penyakit pemadaman listrik bergilir kembali kambuh. Di beberapa provinsi bahkan sudah bertahun-tahun, sudah sangat akut. Padahal, Indonesia dikaruniai sumber energi primer yang cukup melimpah, beragam, dan relatif murah, seperti batubara, gas alam, dan panas bumi.
Ratusan gunung berapi di Indonesia cuma diratapi sebagai sumber bencana, gagal dimanfaatkan menjadi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi. Padahal, sekitar 40 persen cadangan panas bumi dunia berada di Indonesia.
Namun, dari potensi sekitar 28.000 megawatt itu, yang termanfaatkan baru sekitar 4 persen. Belum lagi potensi listrik tenaga air dan mikrohidro yang bertaburan tak terkelola, sehingga justru semakin banyak menimbulkan bencana banjir.
Lebih ironis lagi, kebanyakan daerah yang minim pasokan listrik dan kerap mengalami pemadaman adalah daerah pemasok energi primer. Daerah itu terus memasok energi primer dan bahan baku bagi industri dan rakyat di Jawa. Industri tak kunjung berkembang di lumbung energi.
Industri yang sudah ada pun bertumbangan, seperti industri sarung tangan karet di Sumatera Utara. Rencana pembangunan kawasan industri di luar Jawa tersendat-sendat. Selain keterbatasan pasokan listrik, pelabuhan juga tidak memadai. Pengusaha harus membangun pembangkit listrik, jalan, dan pelabuhan sendiri.
Akibatnya, pengusaha menanggung beban ongkos tetap (fixed cost) yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangga yang pemerintahnya menyediakan infrastruktur dasar ini.
Rencana Induk Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI) seharusnya memberikan solusi. Sangat disayangkan, justru sebaliknya, MP3EI berjalan sendiri. Yang dikedepankan justru proyek jembatan Selat Sunda dan jalan tol lintas Sumatera.
Tidak juga mengantisipasi penerapan Undang-Undang Minerba yang mengamanatkan peningkatan nilai tambah hasil tambang dan mineral (bukan larangan ekspor sebagaimana diinterpretasikan oleh berbagai peraturan pelaksanaannya).
Jika infrastruktur tersedia, pengusaha tak perlu dipaksa untuk membangun pengolahan tambang dan mineral. Akan tetapi, kalau semua infrastruktur dasar harus dibangun sendiri tanpa kompensasi berupa insentif, jangan berharap pengusaha terdorong membangun fasilitas pengolahan.
Jika listrik cukup dan ongkos angkutan laut murah karena pelabuhan dan jaringan jalan memadai, industri tidak akan semakin berjejalan di Jawa, khususnya Jabodetabek. Ditambah lagi dengan tekanan upah yang semakin tinggi di Jawa, niscaya industri akan lebih tersebar ke luar Jawa.
Bagaimana hendak memasuki Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) 2015 jika infrastruktur berantakan. Bagaimana mungkin bakal dapat maslahat maksimum dari pengintegrasian pasar ASEAN kalau pasar domestik kita tidak terintegrasi. Bagaimana bisa melakukan penetrasi ke pasar ASEAN kalau ongkos angkutan untuk ekspor per kontainer Indonesia termahal ketiga dari delapan negara ASEAN.
Sebaliknya, ongkos mendatangkan barang (impor) ke Indonesia justru di urutan ketiga termurah (data dari ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Community Progress Monitoring System, Full Report 2012). Tak pelak lagi, barang-barang impor bakal lebih deras masuk ke Indonesia. Barang impor akan langsung masuk ke sejumlah daerah, tak perlu lagi dipasok dari Jawa seperti kebanyakan selama ini.
Pemerintah nyata-nyata gagal mengemban tugasnya sebagai penyedia infrastruktur dasar. Bagaimana mungkin perekonomian bisa berfungsi optimal jika investasi publik hanya sekitar 3 persen dari produk domestik bruto, sementara negara-negara tetangga kebanyakan di atas 5 persen. Vitamin yang masuk ke dalam tubuh perekonomian (infrastruktur) jauh lebih kecil dari racun (subsidi energi) yang diciptakan perekonomian.
Bukannya menyelesaikan akar masalah, pemerintah justru menambah masalah baru dengan lebih banyak mengalihkan tanggung jawab pembangunan infrastruktur dasar kepada pihak swasta ala MP3EI. Sungguh merupakan wujud dari sesat pikir.
[Dimuat di harian Kompas, Senin, 3 Maret 2014, hal. 15.]
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